Fig. 1. Bacterial strains induced autophagy in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. BMDCs were pre-treated or not with bafilomycin A1 (100 nM) for 1 h and stimulated with bacteria at a bacteria/cells ratio of 10:1 or with Rapamycin (10 μg/ml) for 4 h. The autophagy was followed by (A) LC3-immuno-labelling followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and measurement of the number of autophagosomes in the form of LC3-labelled puncta. The data represent the mean ± SEM. * refers to the comparison of bacteria-treated group versus untreated control group; *p<0.05, **p<0.01, *** p<0.001. (B) The ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I, after western blotting analysis. The data represent the mean ± SEM. * and # refer to the comparison of bacteria-treated groups versus untreated control group (N/S) in the absence or presence of bafilomycin, respectively. ; *p<0.05, **p<0.01, *** or ^### p<0.001.